Three different mining methods pdf

Surface mines are typically used for more shallow and less valuable deposits. Three typical variations are described in the following text. This section is working to utilisethe basic rock mechanics principles to address theproblems of underground coal mining. Harraz presentation mining methods, surface mining 16.

The mining of association rules is one of the most popular problems of all these. Advantages of longwall mining longwall mining is a very efficient coal producing technique. Yamatomi encyclopedia of life support systems eolss 2. This form of mining doesnt require tunnelling into the earth and is a simple method of mining that yields high production rates. I gave them some time to discuss, then share a few with the class. The diagram depicts a cross section of three different kinds of mines, along with structural elements of the underground shaft and slope mines. Mining method, surface mining, open pit mining, open cast mining, placer. Mining methods for s teeply dipping and massive deposits self supported methods sublevel caving block caving induced block caving sublevel stoping undercut and fill stoping squareset stoping cutandfill stoping shrinkage stoping with caving of overburden without caving of. Mining surface mining most suitable for large ore bodies and for low grade, disseminated ore bodies. Underground mines are more expensive and are often used to reach deeper deposits.

Mining method selection by multiple criteria decision. The three major components of mining exploration, mining, and processing overlap somewhat. Harraz presentation mining methods, surface mining 17. Pwc open pit mining mining methods 5 open pit mines are used to exploit low grade, shallow ore bodies. Mining methods the phenomenal rise in coal production, nearly sixfold in the past three decades, necessitated rapid but judicious mechanization of mining methods. Both methods are well suited to extracting the relatively flat coalbeds or coal seams typical of the united states. Placer deposits are composed of relatively loose material that makes tunneling. There are three distinctive methods of working large deposits that involve, in some way, the factor of caving. The fimiston open pit and the newmont boddington gold mine are two of the largest openpit mines in the world, measuring over 3. The methods are generalized and focus on typical applications from different mining areas around the world, keeping in mind, however, that every mineral deposit, with its geology, grade, shape, and volume, is unique.

The nicholas methodology follows a numerical approach to rate different mining methods based on the rankings of specific input parameters. The extraction of mineral and energy resources near earths surface by first removing the soil. Economic value of the ore and grade distribution within the deposit. This book describes mining methods for the surface and underground mineral deposits. This survey paper tries to cover the text mining techniques and methods that solve these challenges. These deposits form a mineralized package that is of economic interest to the miner. However, this is a complex procedure that requires additional planning. Mining is the extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore body, lode, vein, seam, reef or placer deposit.

Underground mining underground modes of access include drift, slope, and shaft mining, and actual mining methods include longwall and room and. Consistent involvement in different geotechnical investigations helped in developing good understanding of geology and rock mass characteristics for an efficient design of the underground mining structures. Although the exploration in this paper is suggestive instead of conclusive, it reveals that besides some common properties, different perspectives lay strong emphases on different aspects of data mining. There are different methods of mountaintop removal coal mining, including the boxcut method, steepslope method, crossridge method, and a few others. Mining methods for s teeply dipping and massive deposits 2. Placer mining is the technique by which gold that has accumulated in a placer deposit is extracted. In 1981 nicholas suggested for the first time a numerical approach for mining method selection. Surface mining involves stripping surface vegetation, dirt, bedrock and other layers of the earth to reach. The various methods of mining a coal seam can be classified under two headings, surface mining and underground mining. The shaft mine has compartments for a skip hoist, elevators called cages, and service facilities such as ventilation ducts. The purpose of predictive data mining techniques almost always is to identify statistical models or patterns that can be utilized to predict a response of interest. Strip mining terrace mining openpit mining figure 2. Gold mining is the process of mining of gold or gold ores from the ground.

There are several techniques and processes by which gold may be extracted from the earth. Ores recovered by mining include metals, coal, oil shale, gemstones, limestone, chalk, dimension stone, rock salt, potash, gravel, and clay. The mining rate is greater than 20,000 tonnes per day tpd but is usually much greater. In these data mining notes pdf, we will introduce data mining techniques and enables you to apply these techniques on reallife datasets. These notes focuses on three main data mining techniques. Classification, clustering and association rule mining tasks.

Mining is further divided into several other categories including room and pillar mining, slope mining, block caving, quarrying, openpit mining and in situ mining. Surface and underground coal mining are broad activities that incorporate numerous variations in equipment and methods, and the choice of which method to use in extracting a coal seam depends on many technological, economic. Three types of excavations employed in the process are recognised in the figure. Various methods of mechanized bolting are available, and these can be listed under the following three headings. Types of mining methods coal mining methods youtube. Longwall mining is used in horizontal, tabular deposits mainly coal. The results show that a combination of manual panning or cleangoldmsluices followed by cyanidation is the best solution under present condi.

Three perspectives of data mining michigan state university. The basic datagathered in the field by bureau of mines engineers and consultants in cooperation with mine operatorshave been published in a series of information circulars dealing with practices and. In a slope mine, the miners also work at different levels, and the ore is sent to the surface in bucket hoists. Coal and other tabular deposits can be mined under ground by various tunneling methods or from the surface by simply removing the coveringrocks, called. While they may take a similar approach, all usually strive to meet different goals. These surface mining methods are considered to be more efficient and economical in extracting minerals as compared to most methods of underground mining. Of all the variations of surface mining methods available, the three most common methods only will be described here, namely. In this survey paper we discuss such successful techniques and methods to give effectiveness over information retrieval in text mining. Although widely used in other countries, longwall mining. A brief introduction to the types of surface mining methods. The third compartment, used for a manway and utilities, is sometimes slightly shortened from the sixfoot width. Compared to other mining methods, roomandpillar mining is a lowcost method with a low recovery rate since some ore is left behind in pillars. Webpage describing the three main methods used to mine uranium.

It is not an exact science and in the choice of a method each varying factor has a certain weight, which, in many cases, experience alone can determine. Mountaintop removal involves several steps, as described below. Unesco eolss sample chapters civil engineering vol. Placer mining is used to sift out valuable metals from sediments in river channels, beach sands, or other environments. Okubo encyclopedia of life support systems eolss surface mining methods and equipment j. Mining methods coal is mined using one of two methods, underground or surface mining. The trees are then destroyed, usually by burning or some other. The two industries ranked together as the primary or basic industries of early civilization. Usually ore bodies are mined by a combination of surface and underground methods. I explained that they would be comparing three different mining methods, and their impact on the environment. Slightly different names are in use, but those that are simple as well as descriptive are top slicing, sublevel caving, and block caving. Opencast mining auger mining strip mining contour mining highwall mining. The size of claims varied among goldfields, but were usually 24 feet square 53. The first step in selecting the most appropriate mining method is to compare the economic efficiency of extraction of the deposit by surface and underground mining methods.

Strength of the hanging wall, footwall, and ore body. A schematic layout of an underground mine is shown in figure 12. Using sensitivity analysis on neural network models provided us with the prioritized importance of the. In any discussion of methods of underground mining comparison, one is repeatedly confronted with the difficulty of dealing with so many variable conditions. Frequent sets play an essential role in many data mining tasks that try to find interesting patterns from databases, such as association rules, correlations, sequences, episodes, classifiers and clusters. The area has been classified as the best bentonite development in the southern hemisphere. The adaptation of mining methods best suited to the various natural conditions in mines is discussed, and comparative costs are presented. Miners often teamed up with mates to share claims and workings. Mining methods below is a typical example of a mining method used to excavate bentonite from a farm in the kinderwys block. Here in this video we have discussed different types of mining methods including coal mining methods.

Initial mining is by surface methods, but as mining deepens, the amount of waste to be removed increases soon economical to go underground. If you have any trouble, you could also use this mining methods pdf. When a miner found an area of payable ground he pegged out a square claim. Companies and organizations can employ many different types of data mining methods. The vegetation and topsoil of the mountaintop are removed first. Yet, the method causes very little dilution as the contact between ore and waste is limited due to the waste being on top and ore being at the bottom. Surface mining, including strip mining, openpit mining and mountaintop removal mining, is a broad category of mining in which soil and rock overlying the mineral deposit the overburden are removed. This case study performed at the largest gold mining village in the philippines compares four methods for gold recovery. Underground mining underground mines in the united states are typically operated using one of two different methods.

Methods of mining te ara encyclopedia of new zealand. Figure refers to classification of surface mining methods bullivant, 1987 2 february 2016 prof. In fact, it can extract almost 90% of ore from a deposit. The two main types of mining are surface mining and underground mining. Securing the mining rights lead to the mining activities that commenced on august,12th 2011. In room and pillar mining, rooms are cut into the coal bed leaving a series of pillars, or columns. What are the different types of data mining techniques. While opencast operations are now fully mechanized employing large capacity earth moving equipment, introduction of machinery in underground workings has been gradual. The standard threecompartment timber shaft has two hoisting compartments that measure six feet by six feet inside the timbers. Longwall mining and roomandpillar mining are the two basic methods of mining coal underground, with roomandpillar being the traditional method in the united states.